May – Hepatitis Awareness

May 1, 2012 By

Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, as well as to several viral infections that affect the liver. Those we are most familiar with include types A, B and C, while D and E are less common.

Hepatitis A, as with all viral forms of hepatitis, results from infection. The incubation period ranges from 15 to 50 days from exposure, but symptoms generally present after approximately 28 days. The virus replicates in the liver and is shed in the feces. Transmission most commonly results from exposure to contaminated water, food or feces. The infection does not result in either chronic infection or chronic liver disease. Up to 15% of hep A patients run the risk of relapse of symptoms during the six month period following acute illness. The majority of hep A cases are found in men who engage in homosexual intercourse. The antibody production that follows infection will continue for life, thus protecting an individual against reinfection. The most successful means of prevention is through vaccination.

The incubation period for hepatitis B is anywhere from six weeks to six months. The highest concentrations of the B virus are found in blood, while lesser concentrations are found in bodily fluids such as vaginal secretions, wound discharge and semen. Primary risk factors associated with infection are through the sharing of needles for the illegal injection of drugs, engaging in unprotected intercourse with several partners or one infected partner, having a sexually transmitted disease/infection, and more. Successful prevention is accomplished through vaccination and through routine screening for women who are pregnant.

Hepatitis C is the most common blood-borne infection known in this country, affecting more than three million individuals. It is not commonly sexually transmitted with the highest risk of infection coming from injectable drug use with shared/contaminated needles. The virus can be detected through laboratory blood testing within one to three weeks following exposure. Those infected are at risk for chronic liver disease or other hep C related diseases and the individuals remain a source of transmission to others who share bodily fluids through kissing and through the transfusion of infected blood from unscreened donors. Occupational exposure for laboratory workers such as through being accidentally stuck with a contaminated needle can also cause infection. Sexual activity regarding potential transmission remains controversial; however, controlled studies indicate that up to 20% of individuals with acute hep C infection reported having a history of sexual exposure in the absence of other risk factors.

Hepatitis D can be acute or chronic but is uncommon in this country. It is an incomplete virus that only occurs in those infected with the hep B virus. It is transmitted through mucosal or percutaneous contact with infected blood. There is no vaccine available. Prevention is through vaccination of the hep B vaccine.

Hepatitis E is uncommon in this country. Transmission is through the ingestion of fecal matter, even in minuscule amounts. Outbreaks are often associated with contaminated water in countries that have poor-to-no sanitation facilities. There is no vaccination for this form of hepatitis.

Off the grid but still another form of the disorder is alcoholic hepatitis that is essentially inflammation of the liver caused exclusively by drinking alcohol to excess. Not all people who drink heavily develop alcoholic hepatitis. In some instances, the condition can occur in those who drink in moderation. People who have been diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis must discontinue the habit if they hope to overcome the disorder. Those who continue the habit open themselves up to serious conditions such as cirrhosis and liver failure.

May is an extremely busy month for medical awareness, so it was a difficult decision to zero in on hepatitis. I have listed some of the other topics this month that readers might find of interest. Happy research.

Arthritis Awareness – www.arthritis.org
Healthy Vision – www.nei.nih.gov/healthyvisionmonth
Lupus Awareness www.lupus.org/newsite/pages/lupus
Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection – www.melanomamonday.org
Mental Health Awareness – www.mentalhealthamerica.net.go/may
Celiac Disease Awareness – www.americanceliac.org
High Blood Pressure – www.nhibi.nih/gov
Osteoporosis – www.nof.org

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April – Alcohol Awareness

April 1, 2012 By

Alcoholism is a physical addiction prevalent in our society, affecting approximately 10% of all women and 20% of all men. It is defined as an inability to control the amount of alcohol consumed. What begins with one social drink can turn into an uncontrollable necessity for more and more alcohol. Over time the body becomes accustomed to the amount consumed but needs more to maintain the high received as the habit continues.

There is no single known reason for this abuse to occur. Some research indicates that specific genes may increase the risk of alcoholism; however, which genes are to blame remain unknown. Some key factors may increase a person’s risk of becoming an alcoholic, such as a family history, easy access, a stressful lifestyle, and low self-esteem. Those who develop a dependence on alcohol typically do so between the alarmingly young ages of 18 and 25. The problem appears almost epidemic in the United States.
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March – Colorectal Cancer Awareness

March 6, 2012 By

Simply put, colorectal cancer is cancer of the colon and/or rectum. Nearly 145,000 people, both men and women, will be diagnosed with the condition this year alone. What is even more frightening than that figure is that almost one third of those people will die as a result. Colorectal cancer is considered the leading cause of cancer death for men and women.

The initial stages of colorectal cancer don’t generally exhibit warning signs or symptoms; however, when they do occur, medical intervention must be sought. These include a change in bowel habits such as new onset of constipation and/or diarrhea, rectal bleeding, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, bloating and fullness of the abdomen, and vomiting. This is not to say the average individual will never experience one or all of these symptoms for other, less serious, reasons. For example, rectal bleeding may be from a simple hemorrhoid. Constipation may be caused by a medication’s side effect. Diarrhea may be caused by a specific food or food additive. Fatigue can result from stresses at work or home. We must be mindful and not panic when a problem appears but take it as a sign that something is going on and needs attention.

Risk factors include advancing age, a sedentary lifestyle, a family history of disorders such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, eating too much red meat, drinking to excess, smoking, and more. If you find you fall into one or more of these categories, take steps to prevent becoming a statistic. Beginning today, eat less red meat and eliminate processed meats from your diet. Include fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains in your meal planning. Maintain a healthy weight by exercising almost every day. This can range from simply walking around the block, using the stairs instead of taking the elevator, to more strenuous workouts. If the latter is chosen, be sure to speak with your primary physician before initiating any regimen. Limit your alcohol consumption to no more than one drink each day. The act of smoking alone can have long-term devastating effects on the body and should be ideally discontinued or at least substantially reduced.

You already visit your doctor for a yearly physical or when ill, so when you approach the age of 50, why not begin the screening process also? With any known family history, your physician may want you to begin sooner. Accept those dreaded stool blood test packets your physician urges you to perform. They’re done in the convenience of your home and returned to your doctor’s office for analysis. Piece of cake! Have a virtual colonoscopy, double contrast barium enema, or flexible colonoscopy every 5-10 years. Your physician can recommend which test is most appropriate. Any abnormality from the non-invasive testing will likely be followed by colonoscopy, a procedure that allows your gastroenterologist or surgeon to view the entire large intestine for early signs of cancer.

Should a problem be found, the most common treatment recommended is surgery. If caner is detected, chemotherapy or radiation may be appropriate. The bottom line and whatever the outcome or procedure, early detection is best. Don’t become a statistic. Speak with your physician during your next scheduled examination and get tested. Follow that famous saying, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. You’re worth it.

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February – Vision Awareness

February 1, 2012 By

February is Age-related Macular Degeneration/Low Vision Awareness Month. Eye disorders and blindness don’t receive as much attention as they should. While not typically a threat to life, blindness and conditions that affect the vision can severely impact a person’s quality of life.

Problems with vision can occur at any time and we commonly associate many of those changes with advancing age. Advanced age is inevitable, but because of it we may be at higher risk for some eye diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy being the most common. The only means of detection is through early recognition and treatment that generally begins with a comprehensive exam and dilation of the pupils.
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January – Thyroid Awareness

January 2, 2012 By

The month of January is designated to recognize thyroid disorders — a condition that affects approximately 59 million individuals in the United States.

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just above the collarbone. When a person has a thyroid condition, the body uses energy faster or slower than it should. When the gland is too active, a person is known to have hyperthyroidism; too slowly, the condition is known as hypothyroidism. A malfunctioning gland can affect almost every aspect of a person’s health, contributing to an increased risk for hair loss, heart disease, obesity, depression, muscle and joint pain, and even infertility.

There are a number of possible causes for either situation to occur. Simply stated, treatment is aimed at resetting the body’s metabolism to a normal level.

Let’s begin with hyperthyroidism that results from an over-production of thyroid hormones. This can result from Graves’ disease where the immune system attacks the gland, causing it to enlarge; subacute thyroiditis where the gland leaks excess hormones; pituitary gland malfunctions or cancerous growths within the thyroid gland which are less common; and benign tumors that secrete thyroid hormones. The hair and skin become extremely susceptible. With hyperthyroidism, extensive hair loss can occur. The skin can also become fragile and thin. New-onset panic attacks, fatigue, diarrhea and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome may be linked.

Conditions of hypothyroidism can be caused by such things as surgical removal of the gland, Hashimoto’s, exposure to excessive amounts of iodide such as can be found in over-the-counter sinus and cold medications, X-ray contrast dyes, amiodarone prescribed for cardiac conditions; and the use of lithium. Hair can become brittle, fall out easily and become coarse and dry. Skin might become thick, dry and scaly. Depression, fatigue and insomnia are relatively common. Constipation that rarely existed prior may also be an issue.

Cholesterol levels may rise and might not respond to diet modification, cholesterol-lowering medication or a program of exercise.

A person may unsuccessfully step up physical activity with a thyroid condition in an attempt to keep weight under control. Unexplained modifications — despite dietary changes — may be attributed to a thyroid condition, perhaps even one that has yet to be diagnosed by a physician.

If you are experiencing any of the symptoms mentioned above and have not had your thyroid checked by your physician, be sure to have him or her include it during your next visit. You may be glad you did.

Readers who are interested in learning more can order my Health Report “Thyroid Disorders” by sending a self-addressed, stamped number 10 envelope and a $2 US check or money order to my attention at PO Box 433, Lakeville, CT 06039. Be sure to mention the title when writing or click on the “Health Report and Book Order Form” category in the gray bar on my home page.

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December – AIDS Awareness

December 1, 2011 By

While not observed for the full month, I have chosen to report on World AIDS Day (recognized on December 1st) because of the global magnitude of those affected.

At the end of 2010 it was estimated that 34 million individuals globally had been diagnosed with HIV; 2.7 million new cases had been reported; 1.8 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses.

In the US, approximately 1.2 million individuals are infected and of that, 20% are unaware. New infection rates are fairly stable, yet high, with around 50,000 new infections each year.
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November – Caregiver Awareness

November 7, 2011 By

Today more than 65 million caregivers in our country provide a vital service to others every day of the year. As the National Family Caregivers Association points out, these individuals are in a better position to ensure continuity of care. They are familiar with each patient and know what to expect of the person being cared for, what his or her dietary requirements are, the medications prescribed by a physician, and the exercises necessary to maintain a degree normalcy. In our country, caregivers range from neighbors, partners, friends, and family to home health aids, physical therapists, occupational therapists and more.

That’s why in 1997 President Bill Clinton signed the first presidential proclamation to recognize those individuals as a vital part of the health care team. This single issue may be the one function that Democrats and Republicans alike are able to agree upon these days.

Some of the duties a caregiver might provide could be assistance with eating, shopping for food, house cleaning, providing emotional support, reading aloud, sharing quality time, assisting with bathing and dressing, being a part of the Hospice program, and offering emotional support. What is a simple task for one individual might be monumental for an another. On the upside is the overwhelming feeling of satisfaction when that person can smile, be grateful, and lets you know your efforts are appreciated. As recent television ads indicate, seeing the look on that person’s face — priceless!

While care giving is vital and extremely rewarding, there are important downside issues that cannot be overlooked. At the top of the list is stress coupled with depression that together can lead to increased health risks for the caregiver. Blood pressure levels can rise, arthritis pain can flare up, the risk of heart attack can increase, and acid reflux may become a problem. In fact, a recent study revealed that 72% of caregivers fail to get sufficient exercise and they may not eat properly, either. Perhaps this is because so much time is devoted to the patient that the individual providing the care may be setting him or herself up for future problems.

Seeking and accepting outside help is vital for the sake of everyone involved. As much as a caregiver might feel he or she is letting someone down, may not be doing as much as possible or could be capable of more, there should be no shame in seeking help. This doesn’t have to be full-time, but an hour or two each day or week may allow the individual to take a trip to the grocery store, see a movie, or to walk around the block. The type of diversion doesn’t matter, but the actual act itself does. The caregiver will be in a better frame of mind and will actually provide better care to the patient in the long run. If finances are a concern and a family member may not be able to pay for outside help, perhaps a type of barter with a neighbor can be worked out. For example, doing garden chores, cutting the grass, pulling weeds, or hanging out the laundry might offset a half hour or longer of caring for someone who is infirmed.

Personal health on both ends of the spectrum cannot be ignored, nor can it be underestimated. So, caregivers, revel in your ability to help but stay well by seeking help when necessary.

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October – Breast Cancer Awareness

October 3, 2011 By

October has several observed medical conditions, 9 of which run for the entire month. I have chosen to write about National Breast Cancer Awareness.

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS) almost 193,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed in women this year in the United States alone. This dreaded disease is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Statistics reveal that African American women have a greater incidence of breast cancer before the age of 40, but a minimally lower incidence after that age than do Caucasian women. Breast cancer is much less common in males of any ethnic background at any age but about 2,000 cases will be confirmed this year in men.
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September – Cholesterol Awareness

September 6, 2011 By

September is a month in which 15 medical conditions are observed. I have chosen to recognize National Cholesterol Education, a common, yet serious issue that affects over 65 million Americans.

A person’s blood cholesterol level has a great deal to do with his or her chances of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. In fact, heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in the United States today.

Cholesterol is a fatty substance in the blood that can build up in the walls of arteries. Over time, that buildup causes our arteries to narrow and the flow of blood to slow or even stop. When enough blood and oxygen fail to reach the heart, a heart attack can occur. This means emergency medical attention, a lifetime of medication and monitoring, drastic lifestyle changes, and more. The solution? Prevention. Become educated, eat well, avoid foods high in fats, and exercise.

Beginning at age 20, a person should have a cholesterol level check every five years and more frequently with advanced age and family or personal history. This is done with a simple blood test taken when a person has fasted for eight or more hours. It measures HDL (high density lipoproteins known as “good” cholesterol) that help keep cholesterol from building up in the arteries, LDL (low density lipoproteins known as “bad” cholesterol) which is the primary source of buildup and blockage, triglycerides (a related form of blood fat) and total cholesterol. Desirable total cholesterol levels are less than 200 mg/dL. From 200-239 is considered borderline high. Above 240 mg/dL is considered high, placing a person at higher risk for cardiac issues. Beyond that, several medical conditions might warrant lower than average readings as being optimal. When referring to “good” cholesterol, higher is better. A level less than 40 mg/dL is low and considered a risk factor for developing heart disease. Bad cholesterol should ideally be less than 100 mg/dL. Ranges from 100-129 are near ideal; 130 to 159 are borderline; 160 to 189 are high; above 190 are very high.

There are a number of factors that affect a person’s levels. Many are things we generally have control over and can do something about, such as reducing saturated fat consumption. These fats can cause blood cholesterol levels to rise.

A sedentary lifestyle is a well-known risk factor for heart disease. While it may seem impossible in this frantic world in which we live, partaking of just 30 minutes of exercise on most days will work wonders to bring your numbers within range.

Excessive weight tends to increase a person’s cholesterol levels. A weight reduction program will lower a person’s risk factor for heart disease, lower the bad cholesterol and increase the good.

Other risk factors for elevated readings without control include being a cigarette smoker and having hypertension.

Heredity can determine how much cholesterol your body produces. High levels can and often do run in families. In this instance, taking every known step might not be sufficient and may require prescription medication for better control.

As you can ascertain, in order to remain healthy it is necessary to eat right, exercise within your physical means, become educated, and read labels. Lifestyle changes at any age aren’t easy to incorporate but they are vital. While some factors such as advancing age and a family history of heart disease are out of our control, each and every one of us can take steps to keep our numbers in line and reduce the risk for major medical problems. Incorporate a low-cholesterol, low-saturated fat diet. Consume fish, poultry without the skin, whole grain foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, soft margarines and reduced fat dairy products. Trim fat before broiling, rather than using a fry pan to prepare your steaks and burgers. Limit your intake of egg yolks and full-fat dairy products. Switch your iced cream treats to sorbet.

If, because of genetic factors you fail to reduce your levels, your physician may recommend cholesterol-lowering drugs. Over-the-counter plant stanols and sterols might work successfully and may be worth a trial period. If unsuccessful, and you decide prescription medication is necessary, it might include statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, nicotinic acid, fibric acids, or bile acid sequestrants. Your physician is your best source of guidance as to which might be best for you since he or she has your complete medical history. For example, statins lower LDL levels, as do cholesterol absorption inhibitors, nicotinic acid lowers LDL and triglyceride levels, while raising HDL, the good cholesterol. Fibric acids lower LDL but are primarily prescribed for low HDL levels and high triglycerides.

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August – Immunization Awareness

August 2, 2011 By

August is National Immunization Awareness month, perhaps appropriately selected because children and teens are returning to school, older students are enrolling or returning to college, and senior citizens may even be thinking of the upcoming flu season.

Vaccines control and, in some instances, have eradicated many common infectious diseases that once ran rampant throughout our country, harming tens of thousands of people. In actuality, viruses and bacteria that cause vaccine-preventable diseases still exist for those individuals who remain unprotected. This may be because some people cannot be immunized for medical reasons, choose not to be or have their children not immunized due to safety concerns and still others whose religious beliefs don’t consider vaccination a viable alternative. However, maintaining high immunization rates protects that small community, as well as our entire nation. The results are, in my opinion, nothing short of astonishing.
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