Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that causes difficulties with memory and the thinking process. It is the sixth leading cause of death in our country with more than five million Americans living with the disease today. It is estimated that during this current year, Alzheimer’s will cost our nation $203 billion. While we tend to associate it with the aging process, up to 5% of cases are reported in individuals in their 40s and 50s.
The brain has 100 billion nerve cells and each one connects with numerous others to perform specific functions. Some are involved with the thinking process, others help us to see and hear. These nerve cells process and store information in a well-coordinated manner. Enter Alzheimer’s. Scientists believe the disease prevents portions of the cells from running as they should. Breakdowns in the system occur and as the damage spreads, the cells lose their ability to perform their jobs. They eventually die, causing irreversible brain changes. Two abnormal structures are known as plaques and tangles. Plaques are deposits of a protein fragment known as beta-amyloid that builds up in the spaces between nerve cells. Tangles are another protein that builds within the cells. Most of us will develop some plaques and tangles as we age; however, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease develop more than the average healthy person. Scientists are unsure what role these plaques and tangles play but their role is a critical one, as they block communication of the nerve cells and disrupt the very processes that cells require in order to survive. The destruction and death of these nerve cells leads to memory failure and other symptoms of the disorder.
In its early stages memory loss may be mild and involve the parts of the brain that control memory, thoughts and language; however, as the disease progresses, symptoms worsen. The affected individual may not recognize family members and the loved ones that care for them every day. They may not remember to perform daily chores such as dressing properly or combing their hair. They may become aggressive, take longer than normal to complete daily tasks, use poor judgment, and not be able to find their way home from the supermarket or library they visit daily. And eventually, they will require total care.
While researchers remain unclear as to how Alzheimer’s begins, it appears likely that the brain is damaged 10 or more years prior to any symptoms becoming evident. Neurons that were once healthy work less efficiently. Over time, those neurons lose the ability to both function and communicate with each other. The damage then spreads to an area of the brain known as the hippocampus which is vital in forming memory. As more neurons die, the brain regions affected begin to shrink. In the final stages of Alzheimer’s the damage is widespread. There is no treatment to halt the disease from occurring but fortunately medication is available that will slow the progression of the disorder.
Researchers continue to learn more about plaques, tangles and other aspects of Alzheimer’s disease, such as why it more commonly affects older individuals than younger ones. Studies have linked the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene to late-onset Alzheimer’s. Research also leans toward a host of factors beyond genetics that may play a significant role in the development of Alzheimer’s. What is known is that such things as physical activity, a healthful diet and mentally stimulating activities can help people remain healthy as they age.
Diagnosis for this form of dementia can only be made with complete accuracy after death and microscopic examination of the brain. However, a physician may choose to order a CT or MRI to determine if stroke, trauma, tumors, or another form of dementia may be causing the symptoms present.
Stay active. Exercise. Eat a healthful diet. Read. Invite a friend in to play a rousing game of setback or Monopoly. Watch the daily news on television. Visit your local community center and take part in their activities. Visit a museum. Take up a new hobby. Your life will be more enjoyable and you may also help reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
